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Isolate beginning sounds, such as /b/ in bus, and connect those sounds to letters, building the foundation for decoding.

Blend sounds to read simple three-sound words like cat and hop, often the point where children realize, “I can read this.”

Read words with adjacent consonants, such as “tr” in trip, “st” in stop or rest, and “mp” in jump, expanding their ability to read longer words.

Learn patterns like “sh” in ship and “th” in bath, where two letters represent one sound, improving accuracy and reducing guessing.

See how a final e changes vowel sounds, as in cap becoming cape or kit becoming kite, leading to noticeable gains in word recognition and fluency.

Work with common vowel teams such as “ai” in rain, “ee” in tree, and “oa” in boat, where two vowels combine to make one, typically long vowel sound.

Read vowel patterns influenced by r, such as “ar” in star, “or” in corn, and “ir” in bird. Practice with these less predictable vowel sounds strengthens problem-solving and self-correcting while reading.

Read vowel combinations that glide from one sound to another, such as “oi” in coin, “oy” in toy, “ou” in ouch, and “ow” in town, building flexibility and confidence with unfamiliar words.

Begin to read longer, multisyllabic words by breaking them into manageable parts, a key step toward fluent reading.

Apply prefixes and suffixes, such as re-, un-, and -ly to “read” and understand more complex words and expand vocabulary.